Probabilistic analysis of defect tolerance in asynchronous nano crossbar architecture

Among recent advancements in technology, nanotechnology is particularly promising. Most researchers have begun to focus their efforts on developing nano scale circuits. Nano scale devices such as carbon nano tubes (CNT) and silicon nano wires (SiNW) form the primitive building blocks of many nano scale logic devices and recently developed computing architecture. One of the most promising nanotechnologies is crossbar-based architecture, a two-dimensional nanoarray, formed by the intersection of two orthogonal sets of parallel and uniformly-spaced CNTs or SiNWs. Nanowire crossbars offer the potential for ultra-high density, which has never been achieved by photolithography. In an effort to improve these circuits, our research group proposed a new Null Convention Logic (NCL) based clock-less crossbar architecture. By eliminating the clock, this architecture makes possible a still higher density in reconfigurable systems. Defect density, however, is directly proportional to the density of nanowires in the architecture. Future work, therefore, must improve the defect tolerance of these asynchronous structures. The thesis comprises two papers. The first introduces asynchronous crossbar architecture and concludes with the validation of mapping a 1-bit adder on it. It also discusses various advantages of asynchronous crossbar architecture over clock based nano structures. The second paper concentrates on the probabilistic analysis of asynchronous nano crossbar architecture to address the high defect rates in these structures. It analyzes the probability distribution of mapping functions over the structure for varying number of defects and proposes a method to increase the probability of successful mapping --Abstract, page iv

Solubility and dissolution enhancement of poorly aqueous soluble drug atorvastatin calcium using modified gum karaya as carrier: In vitro-In vivo evaluation

Solid dispersion is a unique and promising approach for improving the oral absorption and oral bioavailability of BCS class II drugs. Modified gum karaya a recently developed excipient was evaluated as a carrier for solubility and dissolution enhancement of poorly water soluble drug atorvastatin calcium. Physical mixtures along with solid dispersions of drug and polymer was  prepared using three methods kneading, solvent evaporation and solvent wetting method in 5 different ratios (1:1,1:3,1:5,1:7,1:9). Among the three methods used atorvastatin calcium solid dispersions prepared by kneading method in 1:3 ratio showed most promising results in terms of  percent yield, percent drug content, solubility of solid dispersions in phosphate buffer pH 6.8, XRD, DSC, SEM and In vitro release studies. These solid dispersions were selected to prepare tablets using Ac-di-sol as superdisintegrant (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5). Tablets were characterized for hardness, friability, disintegration time, percent drug content, drug release studies and stability studies. Tablets T5 showed highest dissolution rate and best dissolution efficiency at (DE30) and (DE120) minutes. Release data of T5 tablet was subjected to various release kinetics models to know the type and order of drug release. Order was found to be Korsemeyer–Peppas>Hixson–Crowell cube root law >zero-order >first-order >Higuchi. The similarity factor was calculated for comparison of the dissolution profile before and after stability studies. The f2 value was found to be more than 50 (~ 90.9) thereby indicating a close similarity between both the dissolution profiles. In vivo studies was conducted on healthy albino rats and formulation given by oral route showed that at the end of 14 days solid dispersion 1:3 performed better than pure atorvastatin calcium in reducing total cholesterol and TG level and increasing HDL- cholesterol levels

MANAGEMENT OF BUERGER'S DISEASE THROUGH AYURVEDA- A CASE REPORT

The present case report was about a 50 year-old-male who was diagnosed with Buerger’s disease which is a generalised occlusive vascular diseaseaffecting predominantly males with special predilection to involve the lowerextremities. He presented with complaint of unhealed ulcerations with pain andburning sensation in his right sole for 6 months but not getting satisfactoryrelief even after using conventional medications and advised to get doneamputation. He visited the All India institute of Ayurveda and was treated fortwo months with a combination of Ayurvedic medicines and leech therapy whichshowed significant improvement in patients condition and eventually norecurrence was observed, ulcer healed completely with slight discolouration. Thisshows the effectiveness of Ayurvedic treatment including internal medicinesadministration and leech therapy in preventing amputation and treating othersymptoms which may be useful for clinical practices

Ruptured caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: a rare case report

Caesarean scar pregnancy is a rare type of ectopic pregnancy. Little is known about its incidence and natural history. With increasing incidence of caesarean section worldwide, more and more cases are diagnosed and reported.  We report a case of caesarean scar site ruptured ectopic pregnancy presented to emergency department with hypovolemic shock. Decision for emergency laparotomy was taken on the basis of clinical findings and ultrasonography. Hemoperitoneum of 2 litres with scar site rupture ectopic was seen. Evacuation of products along with repair of uterus in 2 layers with bilateral tubal ligation was done. It is the rarest kind of ectopic pregnancy and may lead to severe life threatening complications such as uterine rupture and severe hemorrhage or may have adverse effect on future fertility.

A REVIEW ON STHAULYA (OBESITY) AND ITS MANAGEMENT THROUGH AYURVEDA

Although man has developed sophisticated machines, medical equipment and potent medicines, in spite of all these upgrade, he is lacking proper health. In a quest to achieve more of worldly pleasures and luxury, people are adopting a faulty lifestyle and the disease-causing risk factors and stress in their life are on increase mode. This is the fundamental reason being surge of lifestyle disorders these days. Where obesity is main and root cause of many other lifestyle disorder. A detail description of obesity by name of Sthaulya found in Ayurvedic literature but the material is Scatter and different opinion by different Acharya were there. Ayurveda manage the disorder in a holistic approach with Diet, Lifestyle, medication and Sodhanakarma. So, in present study detail review of Sthaulya with the aim to enlighten the different treatment approaches for the management of Sthaulya (Obesity)

Anthropometric study of hand parameters for redesigning surgical instruments to combat ergonomic challenges in an operation theatre

Introduction: Anthropometric hand dimensions are used in the design of hand instruments for improving the efficiency and human comfort of surgical equipment and instruments. Instruments built for large male hands make it more difficult for petite female hands to operate them, which reduces their productivity and increases the risk of musculoskeletal diseases. So, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the differences in anthropometric and biomechanical parameters between the dominant hands of adult Indian males and females. Methods: The study was conducted on 335 Indian health care professionals of which 168 were males and 167 were females. Various anthropometric and biomechanical parameters were measured on the dominant hand of all the individuals included in the study. Length, breadth and span of a hand, as well as wrist circumference, were measured by measuring tape while handgrip strength and pinch strength was recorded by Jamar dynamometer & Jamar pinch gauge respectively. Obtained data were analyzed by applying the t-test SPSS version 27. We considered P-value <0.05 as statistically significant. Results: A higher statistically significant difference (<0.05) was found in hand anthropometric and biomechanical parameters amongst dominant hands of Indian male and female health care professionals. Conclusion: The present study was gender-based. All the anthropometric and biomechanical parameters were found to be of dimensions in males as compared to females. This study provides baseline anthropometric & biomechanical values of the Indian hand that will help manufacturers to redesign instruments to improve efficiency and prevent the risk of musculoskeletal disorders amongst health care professionals

Experimental investigation of anti-corrosive behaviour of Beta vulgaris: A green approach

The loss of metals due to corrosion can be prevented using green inhibitors. Using natural and eco-friendly plant products is futuristic, preventing the environment from toxic and harmful chemicals. The present study aimed to investigate whole beetroot (BR, Beta vulgaris) for its anti-corrosion behaviour by galvanostatic polarization and electrochemical impedance techniques at a temperature between 298 K- 328 K. The temperature study would help in proposing BR's adsorption mechanism on metal surfaces. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 94% at 298 K for 5% BR was observed, whereas a minimum of 75% was obtained for 1% BR at 328 K. It was found to be a mixed-type inhibitor that followed Langmuir isotherm.  From thermodynamic studies, ΔGoads   was found to be -13.64 kJ/mol, which revealed that BR adsorbed physically on the surface of mild steel. Rct values increased while Cdl values decreased on exposure of metal surface with BR extract. The scanning electron micrographs (SEM) and atomic force micrographs (AFM) witnessed the formation of a protective layer on the mild steel surface, which served as a barrier between the metal and corrosive medium. The present study provides a remedy for the financial and structural losses due to metal corrosion in an acidic medium

Clock-Free Nanowire Crossbar Architecture Based on Null Convention Logic (NCL)

There have been numerous nanowire crossbar architectures proposed till date, although all of them are envisioned to be synchronous (i.e., clocked). The clock is an important part in a circuit and it needs to be connected to all the components to synchronize their operation. Considering non-deterministic nature of nanoscale integration, realizing them on a nano wire crossbar system would be quite cumbersome. Unlike the conventional clocked counterparts, a new clock-free crossbar architecture is proposed to resolve the issues with clocked counterparts in this paper, where the use of clock is eliminated from the architecture. This has been done by implementing delay-insensitive logic encoding technique called Null Convention Logic (NCL). A delay-insensitive full adder has been implemented on the proposed architecture to demonstrate the feasibility in this paper

Appraisal of Kalp Chikitsa in the Management of Grade II Obesity: A Case Report

Obesity is a great concern for one and all. Its increasing rate in developing country leading to epidemic as the dietary habits of Asians have been westernized rapidly in past few years. The present case report evaluates the efficacy of Medohar guggulu kalp chikitsa in obese patient. A 49 years old man came with complaint of increase weight from last 3 years and pain in bilateral knee joints for 6 months. Though Ayurveda advocates the different modalities of treatment in Obesity viz., Sthaulya. In present case, Kalp chikitsa with Medohar guggulu was administered to patient for 10 days followed by structured diet for another 10 days. The patient responded well to prescribed treatment and effective results were achieved. Patient lost 9.5kg of weight in 20 days without any complications. This unique ancient modality of treatment could be boon for managing lifestyle disorders and also to reprieve the ill effects of condition in long ter

Probabilistic Analysis of Design Mapping in Asynchronous Nanowire Crossbar Architecture

There have been numerous nanowire crossbar architectures proposed till date and they are envisioned as clockdriven. To deal with numerous issues caused by clocking, a new asynchronous architecture based on Null Convention Logic (NCL) has been recently proposed, resulting in the removal of the clock circuit overhead from the crossbar architecture. The proposed architecture is easier to be manufactured and all clocking-related issues are also eliminated. Even though the proposed architecture has considerable merits over its clocked counterpart, it is still prone to defects due to nondeterministic nature of nanoscale assembly and the defect density is directly proportional to the density of nanowires in the architecture. Hence a number of ways are being examined to effectively avoid the defects to make the architecture defect tolerant. Considering the fact that the nano crossbar architecture has a large number of defects due to manufacturing constraints and its extremely small size, the variations in mapping probabilities with certain factors, such as defect rate, size of crossbar matrix, and type of threshold gate are numerically measured to get an optimized design for resilient clock-free nanowire crossbar systems